锻件是金属被施加压力，通过塑性变形塑造要求的形状或合适的压缩力的物件。这种力量典型的通过使用铁锤或压力来实现。锻件过程建造了精致的颗粒结构，并改进了金属的物理属性。
A forged piece is an object that is applied to the metal by pressure to shape the required shape or the appropriate compression force by plastic deformation. This force is typically achieved by using a hammer or pressure. The process of forging has built a fine particle structure and improved the physical properties of the metal.
由于热变形形成纤维***，会使金属的力学性能出现异向性，即纵向力学性能指标中的A，Z，Ak比横向相应的指标大得多，两个方向上的强度Rm。Re差别不大。
Due to the formation of fibrous microstructure by thermal deformation, the mechanical properties of metals will be different. That is, A, Z and Ak in longitudinal mechanical properties are much larger than those itransverse direction, and the strength in two directi is Rm. Re is not very different.
自由锻的基本工序主要有镦粗、拔长、冲孔、切割、弯曲、扭转、错移及锻接等。模锻又分为开式模锻和闭式模锻．金属坯料在具有一定形状的锻模膛内受压变形而获得锻件，模锻一般用于生产重量不大、批量较大的零件。
The basic process of free forging are upsetting, stretching, punching, cutting, bending, torsion, displacement and welding etc.. Die forging is also divided into open die forging and closed die forging. Metal billets are pressed and deformed to form forgings in the forging die chamber with a certain shape, and die forging is generally used for producing parts with ***all weight and large batches.
镦粗 镦粗是对原坯料沿轴向锻打，使其高度减低、横截面增大的操作过程。这种工序常用于锻造齿轮坯和其他圆盘形类锻件。镦粗分为全部镦粗和局部锻粗两种。
Upsetting and upsetting is the process of forging the original billet along the axis, reducing its height and increasing its cross section. This process is usually used to forge gear blanks and other disc shaped forgings. The upsetting is divided into two kinds of upsetting and local forgings.