携带式数字显示射线探测器—辐射仪
个人***检测仪器
个人射线报警器
环境辐射探测器
***源探测器
能够装进口袋的射线报警器
内容表
- 辐射仪的特点
- ***性与***性的危害
- Alpha射线
- Beta射线
- Gamma射线
- 你日常生活中经常接触到那些射线辐射
- 天然***性矿物
- 概念与定***释
- ***性测量的单位
- 个人辐射剂量限值有关***标准
辐射仪的特点
是市场上***小、***易使用、高可靠性的GM射线探测电子仪器；
品质高、价实惠、易使用的进口仪器。
液晶显示每分钟的剂量率
显示总照射剂量
理想、小巧、轻便
监查射线现场泄漏与***
声光报警
监查环境中的氡污染
可设置报警限度
检查 建筑材料 的***性
检查 垃圾 与 废料 射线危害
在工厂与实验室中作为个人射线辐射***器
检查地下水中的镭射线污染
在反应堆附近检测空气和水是否受***性污染
检查个人珠宝首饰是否有***性危害
检查古陶瓷假牙的***性水平
检查餐具与玻璃器皿的***性
超平均辐射时有报警信号输出
9V电池（通万用表电池）可连续使用几个月
价格实惠使用简便
按工业标准设计的体积小，可装入口袋的***性辐射与污染检测报警仪器。若背景辐射水平提高，它会报警，并且有数码即时显示总照射剂量与照射量率。
在工厂，***，垃圾处理站，油田，环境检测站等场所， 辐射仪都能给您提供即时的辐射水平数据。它采用充气探头，设计紧凑，适合测量alpha射线，beta射线，gamma射线与X射线。报警限度在出厂时已按***的有关要求设置。仪器使用9V碱性电池能连续工作２个月以上，并且具有声光报警。重１２５克（包括耐用的ABS外壳，电池，不锈钢夹子，电池），大小为105mm x 61mm x 22mm 。
技术指标
可探测：X-射线.Gamma射线和beta射线
测量范围：0 - 999 mR/hr
GM管 ：0.50英寸. 2.0 - 3.0 mg / 平方厘米的云母窗口
对Cs-137 (660 keV) 的灵敏度：1095 *** 每 mR/hr
对Co-60灵敏度：1095 *** 每mR/hr
屏蔽时的***大本底计数 ：< 10 ***
死时间 ：< 100 毫秒
使用温度：-20 至 55 C
***大高度（海拔）：10,000 英尺
体积 ：61 mm x 105 mm x 22 mm (2.4" x 0.85" x 4.15")
重量 ：125 克（含电池）
身边的***性与***性的危害
我们所有的人在日常生活中每天都受到来自地球天然***性物质、身体内的***性同位素、太阳和星球等所发出的***射线的照射。这些辐射照射大多数是不可避免的。然而象来自铀矿废料、地下水中溶解的***性元素（镭盐、氡）、从远处***站***制造工厂和射性废物掩埋场飘过来的***性粉尘与空气的***射线的照射等，是我们要考虑避免的。***性元素是不稳定的，它能放出***细胞遗传因素的高能带电粒子。有时受损细胞不能自行修复而死掉，有时受损细胞繁殖不受控制而生***。生物体受到的损害和遗传密码变化的程度取决于射线的能量、原子序数的大小、以及距辐射源的距离。
Nuclear particles are forcefully ejected by unstable atomic elements, each with its own preferred method of releasing the overabundance of energy contained in its nucleus. It first must vibrate itself into the proper pattern. If you were to shake a coin out of a piggy bank you would succeed only when the coin and the slot were aligned and moving in the right direction. Although no one can predict when an individual unstable nucleus of the radioactive atom will give up its excess energy, the time it takes for half of a large number of these atoms to decay can be predicted with statistical accuracy. This is know as the half life of the radioactive element. After ten half life periods h***e passed, less than a tenth of one percent of the radiation will remain. Some half-life times are long enough to require the radioactive source to be isolated from public exposure for decades, centuries or even millennia.
ALPHA 射线
The excess energy contained in the atom is released in one of a few basic particles and energetic w***es. The Greek alphabet is used to name the particles (in the order of their discovery). The alpha particle is the he***iest. It is produced when the he***iest elements decay. The alpha particle contains two neutr*** and two prot*** and le***es the nucleus at around a tenth the speed of light. Its energy is transferred within a short distance to the surrounding media. However, its short flight knocks about 450,0 00 electr*** out of the surrounding atoms. The alpha particle emitter will not penetrate the outer layer of our skin, but is dangerous if inhaled or swallowed. The delicate internal workings of the living cell forming the lining of the lungs or internal organs, most certainly will be changed (mutated) or killed outright by the energetic alpha particle. The number of lung cancer cases among uranium miners from inhaled and ingested alpha sources is much higher than those of the public at large. Radon, the gas produced by the decay of radium-226, also emits alpha particles, which poses a hazard to lungs and airways when inhaled. Homes built in areas with high ground radioactivity should be tested for radon buildup in enclosed basement spaces.
BETA 射线
The beta particle is an energetic electron given off by the nucleus of unstable isotopes to restore an energy balance. The Rad*Scanner can detect most energetic beta particles through the case. Weaker beta particles can be detected through the tube window. Although the beta particle is around 8000 times ***aller than the alpha particle, it is capable of penetrating much deeper into living matter. Each encounter with a living cell, and there may be many before the beta energy is dissipated, is likely to dam age some of the chemical links between the living molecules of the cell or cause some permanent genetic change in the cell nucleus. If the damage occurs within the generative cells of the ovaries or testes, the damage may be passed to new generati***. The normal background radiation level must contribute to the mutation of the gene pool. Most mutati*** are undesirable with a very few leading to "improvements". Any increase in the background level of radiation should be c***idered harmful.
GAMMA 射线
The next "particle" is the very high energy "X-ray" called the gamma ray. It is an energetic photon or light w***e in the same electromagnetic family as light and x-rays, but is much more energetic and harmful. It is capable of damaging living cells as it slows down by transferring its energy to surrounding cell components. The Rad*Scanner detects energetic gamma rays through the case walls. Gamma ray sources are used to find flaws in pipes and vessels and to check the integrity of welds in steel.
你日常生活中经常接触到的一些射线辐射
夜光手表、老式挂钟和罗盘的含镭数码盘，特别是２０世纪初出产的产品，能放出大量的alpha 射线和gamma 射线，用仪器计数，其计数率超过正常手表的１０倍２０倍甚至更多。一个五十年代生产的台式闹钟，距离其表面１英尺，并且隔一层玻璃，测量的射线竟高达每分钟４０个计数。喜欢珠宝、无盖夜光表和旧胸针饰物等是很***的，因为含***性物质的油漆会脱落，容易吸入或吃进身体里面。
从６０年代中开始制造的夜光表用氚（H3,是半衰期为１２年的氢的***性同位素）或Pm-147(2.64年半衰期的人造***性同位素)。两种元素都能隔着表盖***出很多beta和gamma射线。
用煤油汽化的煤汽灯其灯纱含有***性物质钍。用过的灯纱容易变成粉末，容易进入体内，造成更大的危害。而且，Thorium oxide coated gas lamp mantles used in ornamental gas lanterns and gas burning camping lamps are radioactive. The thorium oxide is chosen because it can be raised to white heat without decomposing. However, the mantle does become extremely fragile and will powder into a fine ash which can potentially be inhaled or ingested. Thorium is a natural alpha emitter with the potential for increasing lung tumors. Thorium disintegrates to produce radon-220, an alpha particle emitting radioactive gas. Other uses of thorium include improving alloys of tungsten and magnesium. Thoriated tungsten welding rods are partly vaporized in the arc welding process. Filaments in electronic tubes and television picture tubes h***e be coated in thorium oxides to produce electr*** more easily.
Cerium oxide, a powdery pink glass and jewelry polishing compound, while not radioactive in itself, is extracted from monazite sands containing thorium oxide. Trace amounts of thorium oxide remain with the extracted cerium oxide. Thorium oxide is a potent alpha particle emitter that poses a serious threat to internal organs if inhaled or ingested.
Most ***oke detectors contain about 1 microcurie of Americium 241, an alpha emitter deposited on a thin piece of metal foil surrounded by a metal shield. The alpha particles cannot escape unless the ***oke detector is taken apart or vaporized in a fire, but some gamma rays are emitted. The Rad*Scanner reads about 30 counts per minute higher than the background ***erage when place on top off a ***oke alarm. The half-life of Am-241 is 458 years and certainly will outlast the useful life of the ***oke detector.
Antistatic brushes for photographic use in removing dust from film negatives contain Polonium 210, an alpha emitter that will vaporize appreciably at 55 degrees C (130 degrees F), a temperature that is reached easily on the dashboard of an automobile on a hot summer day. This could be another inhalation danger, if the manufacturing method does not adequately contain the Polonium.
The fluorescent lamp starters, the ***all cylindrical package mounted in some types of lighting fixtures, contains a glass, gas-filled bulb with less than 15 nanocuries of krypton 85, a beta and gamma emitting radioactive gas with a 10.4 year half life. The purpose of the krypton is to ionize the other gases in the starter tube to assist the lamp starting on a cold morning. Actual amounts must be ***aller. The Rad*Scanner has not detected any increase in count levels around these devices.
Pottery glazes and art glass, some ceramic glazed jewelry and cloisonné enameled jewelry contain high percentages of uranium oxides to produce bright yellows and oranges. Fiesta Red china dishes by Fiestaware produced through 1971 emit gamma and beta. Acidic foods left in contact with this chinaware will dissolve ***all amounts of these radioactive elements which will be ingested. Enameled jewelry made with these glazes and worn next to the skin is hazardous.
Some gemstones, notably natural zirc***, are radioactive. Additionally, some topaz, beryl and tourmaline stones were treated with neutr*** from atomic reactors to deepen or change their color. This treatment left some stones hot enough to be of concern, about 0.2 milliroentgens per hour. Some artificial diamonds are made from metal oxides, such as yttrium oxide stabilized with thorium oxide, a radioactive compound.
Some porcelain teeth, artificially colored with uranium containing metal oxides to improve the reflective appearance, can expose the mouth to 1000 millirem per year for each cap. This is two and a half times the ***erage whole body yearly exposure from all natural sources and medical X-rays.
Radon, a gaseous breakdown product of radium, can build up in enclosed spaces such as basements. A potent alpha emitter, radon is believed to cause as many as 30,000 lung cancer deaths each year in the United States, alone. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has mandated some very sophisticated procedures for measuring trace amounts of radon gas at the levels likely to be found in enclosed spaces. A known volume of air is forced through a filter and the filter is checked for radioactive radon breakdown products. If above ***erage count level within enclosed interior spaces such as basements and ground floor level closets are detected by the Rad*Scanner, additional approved tests for radon should be done.
Potassium-40, a strong beta emitter with a long half life of over 1.3 billion years, makes up only a ***all proportion (less than 0.02%) of naturally occurring potassium salts. The long half-life means relatively few atoms of potassium-40 decay at a time. The total radioactivity is about 1/1000 of an equal weight of uranium salts. Potassium salt deposits in some places has a higher concentration of potassium-40. Since potassium is indispensable for life of plants and animals, we will find it in almost all foods. Some brands of "salt substitute" made mainly from potassium salts might be marginally more radioactive than others, depending on the source of the ingredients.
During normal operation, nuclear power reactor losses from buildup of gasses and easily vaporized elements are continuously released in ***all amounts: tritium, iodine, cesium, krypton and xenon. Of these, the tritium can oxidize to form radioactive water and organic compounds. Radioactive iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland and contributes to thyroid malfuncti*** and tumors. Cesium compounds settle in the bones. Radioactive krypton and xenon are inert gases that do not readily form compounds, but are slightly soluble in body fat and decay to form elements that settle in bone tissue.
天然***性矿物
Among the representative list of minerals that are radioactive, a number are listed below. These are concentrated enough to be of interest to mining companies. In addition, many areas h***e dissolved radioactive salts in sub-surface water greatly in excess of environmentally safe limits and must be treated and filtered to specifically remove this hazard.
In some areas of the USA, mining companies use chemical soluti*** pumped into the ground to wash out uranium salts. In the USA alone, a quarter of the drinking water supplies contain 2000 picocuries per liter of radon gas. Five p