ABB 模块TB840A
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近几个月来,固态硬盘(SSD)供应商针对数据中心与企业应用,已经开始推销可将多层单元闪存用于企业级硬盘的产品。这些硬盘将进入几十年来由7200转和15000转硬盘,以及开放线性磁带(LTO)和其他基于磁带和动态随机存储器(DRAM)的数据存储装置一统天下的应用领域。
企业存储应用与消费者存储应用的不同之处主要体现在以下几个规格中:企业硬盘运行的温度范围要大于消费者硬盘;有高负载率的数据流量、全天候通电,而且必须有5-7年的典型数据存储寿命(平均无故障时间达4.4万小时);企业硬盘上所存储的数据大小也不同,它包括从大量小文件的交易数据存储到在大型数据库上的细微查询,以及由一个共享计算机系统访问的超大型视频和数据库文件存储。
存储于云和数据中心不断增长的数据量已使******的传统存储技术成为数据访问的瓶颈。因而,固态硬盘作为新一级的存储子系统,已逐步占据该领域的主导地位。利用DRAM制成的首批SSD可提供高的传输速度和吞吐量,但需要连续功率来维持已存储的数据。从功率、性能和容量来看,基于DRAM的大容量存储装置的费用限制了其应用范围。
新型SSD采用了非易失性、NAND闪存技术。它拥有高存储容量,可长期保存数据,而且不需消耗功率也能维持数据——只需访问即可。不过事物都是有两面性的:DRAM拥有对称读/写性能,只要有电就可以无限制地读取和写入,而闪存读写的访问次数却是不对称的。闪存的使用寿命也是有限的,有时是基于写入的次数,而在某些条件下又是基于读取的次数。
对于一个接口而言,我们不能在操作系统层面上处理这些基本的读写过程,而是需要设计定制的固件和功能控制的编程,它们对每个硬盘制造商来说都是***的。这样的变化形式和多样性增加了维护成千上万个硬盘柜的费用和复杂性,如今,这种规模已成为普遍现象。
闪存技术正在朝着两个方向发展:一种是工艺尺度的缩减,使得相同芯片面积下能够容纳更多单元;另一种是架构调整,以增加每个闪存单元可以存储的数据位数。用于制造存储单元的******工艺结点范围为22nm-19nm;下一代节点为14nm。这些工艺能够制造出非常大的芯片,单单一个片芯上的单元就超过了80亿。
同时,为了满足日益增长的存储需求并减少存储成本,闪存制造商已经推动了技术发展,使一个单元内可存储多个数据位。现有不同种类的闪存或发展中的闪存包括:单级单元(SLC)、多级单元(MLC)、三级单元(TLC)及四级单元(QLC)器件,每个单元中分别可以储存1bit、2bit、3bit和4bit。
带纠错码(ECC)的SLCNAND闪存可提供10万次写入/擦除周期,及10年的数据保持期;带ECC的MLCNAND闪存可提供3000-1万次写入/擦除周期;TLCNAND闪存提供250-500次写入/擦除周期。
存储于云和数据中心不断增长的数据量已使传统的存储技术成为数据访问的瓶颈。如今,SSD已占据主导地位。
QLCNAND闪存于2011年面世。开发商包括英特尔公司、美光科技公司、三星、美国晟碟及东芝。
非SLC技术的自身特性无疑不能满足企业应用的要求。而现在出现了一些新的数字信号处理(DSP)、ECC和写入波形方法,使这些高密度技术可以用于企业级存储。开发商们正各自致力于研究这些技术,主要是针对固件,以支持不同供应商的闪存核心,而解决方案正在逐步进入市场。
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TRERICE 52-2863.0 TEMPERATURE 25-125F 5 IN 1/2 IN GAUGE
RANCO 010-1483 868G 0-100LBS LOW CONTROL PRESSURE SWITC
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ASHCROFT Q-586 DURAGAUGE PLUS 0-400PSI 1/2 IN NPT PRESS
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NEW ASHCROFT 45-1379AS-2C DURAGAUGE PRESSURE 2500KPA 1
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ASHCROFT PRESSURE 0-100PSI 4-1/2 IN DIAL FACE 1/2 IN NP
ASHCROFT Q-8455 DURAGAUGE PRESSURE 3000PSI 5 IN DIAL 1
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NEW WEKSLER 141GSDH SUBMARINE THERMOMETER 30-240F TEMPE
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NEW ASHCROFT 60-1379-SS-04L-?6000KP DURAGAUGE PRESSURE 6
WINTERS TEMPERATURE 0-140F -18-60C 3 IN DIAL FACE 1/2 I
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