GE IC693MDL940、IC693MDL645
FPGA内工作电路
主流存储器从FPM和EDO到SDR和DDR,再到DDR2,这种发展带来了先进的架构、更高的密度、更快的速度、更低的电源电压、更高的带宽和更低的功耗。
这些显著的技术进步提升了DRAM技术—尤其是将运算市场部分提高到更高的性能水平。
DRAM技术上取得的进步伴随着多内核处理器的出现、新的操作系统,以及跨多种不同运算平台和应用的越来越多的不同要求,包括服务器、工作站、海量存储系统、超级计算机、台式电脑和笔记本电脑和外设。存储器技术的每次转变,对存储器的考虑都变得越来越复杂,但是如果清楚了解了主流的存储器如何发展的,以及其中出现的一些折中,设计师就可以选择能很好地满足他们的平台、操作系统和应用的高性能存储器。
速度问题
在DDR技术之前是SDR技术,在SDR技术之前,有快速页/扩展数据输出(FP/EDO)存储器。FP/EDO存储器的数据传输是异步的,意味着数据/地址/命令信号没有供参考的时钟信号。SDR技术通过提供一个时钟输入改善了这个问题,这些信号可以以这个时钟信号为基准,在时钟的上升沿(从低到高的转变)发送数据。利用与系统时钟同步的DRAM时钟引脚,可以获得比异步存储器高很多的数据速率。
在2000年,市场上引入了DDRSDRAM。DDR技术通过在时钟的上升沿和下降沿传送数据,使速度相对于SDR倍增。采用DDR,每个时钟周期传送两个数据位(每根数据线),而不是SDR的一个位。为了实现这一点,在每个时钟周期内每个数据线访问存储器阵列(数据实际存储的位置)的两个数据位。这种过程称为2字或2n预取。这里的内核时钟周期是指存储器阵列的周期时间,存储器阵列的频率为I/O缓冲器的一半和1/4的数据速率。预取使速度不断提高,改善效率并增强性能。
DDR2SDRAM功能非常类似于DDRSDRAM,但是它的一些新特性使得速度更快,DDR3以DDR2为起点,获得更大的技术进步。DDR具有2n预取,DDR2具有4n预取,DDR3具有8n预取。DDR3的内部数据周期时间为外部时钟速度的1/8,内部数据总线的宽度为外部数据总线宽度的8倍。DDR3在每个内核时钟周期内,每根数据线从存储器阵列移出8个数据位到I/O缓冲器中。
其他增强带宽的特性包括更低的终结电阻(RTT)值以支持更高的数据率。对于DDR2,其起始值为50Ω,DDR3的起始值为20Ω。

DDR2和DDR3SDRAM的差异
DDR3的技术优势
DDR3实现了一系列的技术改善,这些改善强调更快的速度和更高的性能。DDR3器件设计用于高速信号,改善的引脚排列提供了更多的电源和地,这样能实现更优的电源供电。改善的电源分布和地以及改善的基准信号,这些加在一起共同改善了信号质量。DDR3D/Q阵列减小了D/Q失真,使D/Q时序更紧凑,而全面布局的球珊改善了机械可靠性。

针对所有应用的DDR3模块
1.峰值性能提高
因为DDR3的性能是DDR2的两倍,DDR3在DDR2的基础上速度进一步提高。DDR3的最低速率为每秒800Mb,最大为1,600Mb。当采用64位总线带宽时,DDR3能达到每秒6,400Mb到12,800Mb。
2.电源电压
DDR3的电源电压降低到1.5V,与标准的1.8VDDR2相比,低20%。这对于低数据速率的应用来说特别重要,例如移动计算。在移动计算应用中节省15%到20%的功率非常重要,因为在这种应用中功率是很重要的性能指标。DDR3的低功耗特性同样对于笔记本应用来说具有重要的优势。
3.融合的驱动器
与DDR2的18Ω驱动器相比,DDR3的34Ω驱动器特别针对每个通道两个模块以及点对点的系统进行了优化。DDR3SDRAM驱动器还通过降低电容、动态片上终结(ODT)以及新的校准方案改善了性能。
为降低输出驱动器/终结驱动器组合的输入电容,DDR3实现了一种融合的驱动器。这种驱动器可以支持多种终结值,使用了相同的上拉和下拉驱动器结构的组合。事实上,融合驱动器的最重要优势是它能通过重复使用这些结构来减少电容—这一点是与DDR2SDRAM的一个关键的区别,后者针对输出驱动器和终结驱动器电阻分别使用了不同的结构。
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