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在数控加工中, 刀具“补偿” 与“偏置” 的实质是一样的, 只是叫法不同, 可认为是一个问题的两种表述, 读者不必追究其差异性。FANUC 0i 数控系统的偏置画面中称为“偏置”, 而实际中常常又叫“补偿”。若要过于追究的话, 可参考FANUC ***手册的说法, 即实现刀具位置移动的叫“偏置”, 而修正刀具半径偏差的叫“补偿”。
现代数控系统一般将刀具偏置分为外形偏置与磨损偏置两部分管理。如图所示为FANUC 0i Mate-TC 数控系统的偏置画面。在偏置画面中, 可看到5 列数据, 分别为偏置号No． × × 、偏置X、偏置Z、刀尖圆弧半径R 和理论刀尖方位号T, 其中, X 和Z 称为刀具位置偏置, R 和T 称为刀尖圆弧半径补偿。偏置号前的G (见图a) 为英文单词Geometry(几何) 的***个字母, 所以外形偏置画面常常称为几何偏置; 而偏置号前的W 为英文单词Wear (磨损) 的***个字母, 即图b 所示为磨损偏置画面。
图 刀具偏置画面
a) 外形偏置画面 b) 磨损偏置画面
外形偏置一般控制刀具安装偏差或形状偏差, 其数值较大; 而磨损偏置多用于刀具磨损的补偿以及加工尺寸的微调, 其数值较小。刀具的实际偏置等于外形偏置与磨损偏置两部分的代数和。另外, 外形偏置还常常用于建立工件坐标系。
偏置轨迹分析时常用到偏置矢量的概念, 所谓偏置矢量实际上是偏置存储器中X 和Z两偏置分矢量(带符号的偏置分量) 的合成矢量。
应用技巧与禁忌:
1) 系统参数No． 5002#1 (LGN) 用于设置刀具的外形偏置号与磨损偏置号是否相同,默认设置为相同(LGN =0)。
2) 系统参数No． 5002#2 (LWT) 用于设置刀具磨损补偿是用刀具移动实现还是用坐标系偏移实现, 默认设置为用刀具移动进行补偿(LWT = 0), 其补偿动作的实现必须在刀具直线移动程序段进行。
3) 系统参数No． 5002#4 (LGT) 用于设置刀具外形补偿是用刀具移动实现还是用坐标系偏移实现, 默认设置为用坐标系偏移进行补偿(LGT =0), 此时与LWM 设置无关, 在T指令程序段补偿。其偏置动作的实现通过坐标系的移动实现。此时刀具一般不动, 仅是坐标值发生变化(即坐标系产生了移动)。
4) 系统参数No． 5002#5 (LGC) 用于设置00 偏置号时是否取消刀具外形补偿, LGC =0 时为不取消(LGC =0)。
5) 系统参数No． 5003#6 (LVC) 用于设置按下「复位键」时是否取消偏置量, LVC =0 时为不取消偏置量。
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