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PLC的控制方式属于存储程序控制，其控制功能是通过存放在存储器内的程序来实现的，若要对控制功能作必要修改，只需改变控制程序即可，这就实现了控制的软件化。可编程控制器的优点在于"可"字，从软件来讲，其控制程序可编辑、可修改；从硬件上讲，其外部设备配置可变。构建一个PLC控制系统的***就在于控制程序的编制，但外部设备的选用也将对程序的编制产生影响。因此在进行程序设计时应结合实际需要，硬、软件综合考虑。本文就硬、软两方面，选取梯形图为编程语言，以松下电工FPO-C32型PLC为例，对PLC使用过程中易出现的几个问题及解决方法进行了分析。
一、外部输入设备的选用与PLC输入继电器的使用
1. 外部输入信号的采集
PLC的外部设备主要是指控制系统中的输入输出设备，其中输人设备是对系统发出各种控制信号的主令电器，在编写控制程序时必须注意外部输入设备使用的是常开还是常闭触点，并以此为基础进行程序编制。否则易出现控制错误。
在PLC内部存储器中有专用于输入状态存储的输入继电器区，各输入设备（开关、按钮、行程开关或传感器信号）的状态经由输入接口电路存储在该区域内，每个输入继电器可存储一个输入设备状态。PLC中使用的"继电器"并非实体继电器，而是"软继电器"，可提供无数个常开、常闭触点用于编程。每个"软继电器"仅对应PLC存储单元中的一位（bit），该位状态为"1"，表示该"软继电器线圈"通电，则程序中所有该继电器的触点都动作。输入继电器作为PLC接收外部主令信号的器件，通过接线与外部输入设备相联系，其"线圈"状态只能由外部输入信号驱动。输入信号的采集工作示意图如图1。
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